Citations · 2024–2026 preferred
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Pyrolysis Yield

Sources
Primary literatureNot a vendor white paper

This site compresses published ranges. Where a number is a single-plant report, the page says so. Vendor pages (Beston, Kintek FAQs, PYREG news) are labelled as such and are not treated as peer review.

Biomass, wood, reactors

  1. Rijo et al. / Energies review: Comprehensive Review of Biomass Pyrolysis… Energies 17:5082 (2024). mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/20/5082
  2. Biomass Pyrolysis Pathways… Sustainability 17:7806 (2025). mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/17/7806
  3. Biomass Pyrolysis: Recent Advances… Processes 14:1321 (2026).
  4. Waste-wood inventory: ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. (2024). Mean 0.41 / 0.26 / 0.33 kg/kg liquid/char/gas for untreated wood. DOI 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c01733
  5. Lai et al., gigaton biochar / reactor share, SusMat (2026).
  6. ETIA Biogreen / Spirajoule technical notes: electrically heated screw, 200–800 °C.

Plastics

  1. Plastic waste pyrolysis revisited… Fuel / JAAP-class 2026 review (process parameters, reactor table).
  2. Calero et al., oil/gas by polymer family, Chem. Eng. Sci. 2023 — oil order EPS > PP > PE > HIPS > PET > PVC.
  3. Gebre et al., ChemistryOpen 2021 (HDPE/PP high liquid yields).
  4. Singh et al. mixed plastics 450–600 °C (HDPE 89.5% liquid at 550 °C; PET ~28% at 400 °C).

Tires

  1. Tyre Stewardship Australia, Pyrolysis of end-of-life tyres v1.1 (10 May 2024). Steel-free 40–50 / 30–40 / 10–20.
  2. Auger scale-up 4 → 400 kg/h: Energy & Fuels 38:17087 (2024). Yields 43.7/40.5/16.2 vs 41.5/41.5/17.6 wt%.
  3. Pyrum process: Green Chemistry 27:670 (2025) — ~35/45/20 at 500–750 °C.
  4. ACS Omega tire/plastic co-pyrolysis review (2025).
  5. Frontiers Energy Research 2024 (vacuum 45–55% oil at 350–400 °C).

Sludge / PFAS / TFA

  1. Bamdad et al., Processes 10:2187 (2022) — 500 °C ~40/40/20; 700 °C ~30/33/37; PFAS off char.
  2. Hušek et al., Biochar 6:31 (2024) — ≥400 °C for PFAS/organic F off solids; plant check at Trutnov.
  3. PFAS in diverse wastes, J. Hazard. Mater. (2023) — RE >96.9% 500–800 °C, <2% remains in char.
  4. PFAS thermal treatment approaches… Nat. Rev. Clean Technol. (2026) — mineralisation vs removal, additives, 950 °C.
  5. US combustion review, Sci. Total Environ. 932:172658 (2024) — ~99.99% parent PFAS in some systems >850 °C; PICs remain.
  6. Headgroup kinetics, ACS ES&T Eng. (2025) — 1H-perfluoroalkane bottleneck ~950 °C, 2 s.
  7. ncsuPFASmech PFOA pyrolysis, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. (2026).
  8. EPA / CEMM: incineration of PFOA regenerates smaller PFCAs including TFA.
  9. Science Advances 11:eadt3363 (2025) — PFHxA radicals.
  10. Austin et al., hydrothermal TFA, Environ. Sci. Technol. 58:8076 (2024).
  11. SUEZ + PYREG Pyrolis S2B (Feb 2026) — ~600 °C solids, gas oxidised >950 °C. Company release; treat as such.
  12. EPA ORD / Bioforcetech PYREG ~600 °C + 850 °C gas — solids PFAS removal in that design.

Batteries

  1. ACS Omega 10:25546 (2025) — pyrolysed black-mass feedstocks, 500–700 °C binder vs 100–300 °C electrolyte.
  2. NCA pyrolysis + water leach, J. Sustainable Metallurgy (2026) — 63.6% Li at 600 °C / 120 min.
  3. NMC carbothermal, Waste Management 212:115339 (2026) — ~63% Li at pH ~7.
  4. Oxalic leach of industrial pyrolytic black powder, JECE 13:117903 (2025) — 97.35% Li.
  5. Infrared pyrolysis Li/Co, Green Chemistry 28:1529 (2026 issue; 2025 paper) — 98% Li lab.
  6. LFP whole-cell thermal, J. Cleaner Production (2026) — 650 °C / 15 min with casing.
  7. PVDF/electrolyte fluorine pathways, JECE (2025) — PVDF 420–540 °C; electrolyte <300 °C.
  8. Duesenfeld vacuum-drying patents upheld 2025 — low-T, no HF design intent.
  9. China GB/T 45203-2024 recycled black mass.
  10. Pilot pyrometallurgy NMC BM vs full cells, J. Sustainable Metallurgy (2026) — 1500 °C, not pyrolysis.

Asbestos

  1. Kinetic chrysotile, Minerals 15:609 (2025).
  2. Cement-asbestos thermal analysis, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 149:10681 (2024).
  3. Fibre-cement 700/1000/1200 °C, Fibers 13:62 (2025).
  4. ACR/AGB 600–900 °C, Minerals 15:344 (2025) — ≥900 °C recommended.
  5. Ex situ cement-asbestos kinetics, Fibers 13:43 (2025) — 800 °C / 30 min mass-loss.
  6. EP3061733 A1 inerting patent (examples; not a health paper).

Machine learning / other

  1. ML yield models on 144 samples, Bioresour. Bioprocess. (2025).
  2. Microwave MAP TRL notes, Waste Management 193:155 (2025).

URLs above are the canonical publisher pages. Paywalled papers were cited from abstracts, reviews and open PDFs where available. Dataset: /data/yields.json.